THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary
Policy : a plan that determines how an organization will act in certain situations.
Uniform : always the same, unchanging.
To set : to fix, establish.
Reserve Requirements : percentage of total deposits that a bank keeps in the cash.
Mandatory : obligatory, required; has to be done.
Ratio : proportion; a fixed relationship between two similar things.
Holdings : property owned; assets.
Advances : money paid before goods or services are received.
Rediscount : a negotiable instrument which has been discounted by a bank and then sold an second time to a Federal Reserve Bank and discounted again by that bank.
To empower : to authorize, to give power or authority to someone.
Open-market : public sale of securities.
Security : stock or bond (see definitions below).
To purchase : to buy; buying.
Investments : the money placed to purchase some kind of the property with the hope of making a profit; the properties themselves that the money has been invested in.
Bill of exchange : an order drawn by one person on another, directing him to pay money to a third person or to his account and to charge the person who draws the order.
Acceptance : a bill of exchange marked “accepted”.
Market price : the current price.
Margin requirements : the percentage of the market price of securities that the buyer must pay when he borrows the money to purchase those securities.
Capital : money or wealth used in business.
Stock : a share of corporate capital.
Stock certificate : written evidences of ownership of stock.
Bond : an interest-bearing certificate of debt.
Expansion
Board of Governors : a group of administrators or directors of the United States Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve Board).
The Board OF Gonernors sets uniform banking policies.
Intervention : interference in the affairs of others; changing the normal direction of transaction.
There have been many complaints recently about the governments interference in the purchase and sale of securities.
Volume of activity : amount of buying and selling.
Stock exchange : a place where stocks and bonds are regularly bought and sold.
The volume activity of the stock exchange has been very high this past week.
Discount : the interest deducted from the face value of a note at the time a loan is made; the borrower receives the net amount after the discount has been deducted.
Vocabulary Practice
Select the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Note: first read the passage, and then complete this exercise.
1. The Federal Reserve Board influences the volume of activity on the c. Stock Exchange.
2. The Board of Governors can buy or sell United States Government b.Securities.
3. b. policies of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks are uniform.
4. When margin requirements are set on the stock exchange, the a.market price of stocks and bonds bought with loans is affected.
5. Federal Reserve Banks are involved in the purchase and sale of c. ratio of holdings.
HE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
The Federal Reserve System of the United States performs many of the function of the Central Bank of other countries. The territory of the United States is devided into twelve Federal Reserve Districts, each one of which has a Federal Reserve Banks in a major city. Policies of these twelve banks are uniform, however, because they are set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
It is precisely this Federal Reserve Board that carries out operations similar to those that are the responsibility of Central Banks in Europe, Latin America and elsewhere. For instance, member banks are told by the Federal Reserve Boardwhat current reserve requirements are, that is, the mandatory cash ratio of holdings to liabilities. Federal Reserve Banks may extend credit to member banks through advances or rediscounts. The rediscounting rate is set by each of the individual member banks. The Board is also empowered to conduct certain open-market operations that can affect the money supply of the United States. For instance, the Board can buy or sell United States Goverments securities, thus increasing or decreasing the amount of money circulation. Other open-market interventions of the Federal Reserve Banks include the purchase and sale of investments such as bankers’ acceptances and bill of exchange.
The Federal Reserve Board can also influence the volume of activity on the Stock Exvhanges by setting margin requirements for the purchase of securities. In other words, the Federal Reserve Board can set the percentage of the market price of securities that a buyer must pay when buying stocks or bonds with a loan. Margin requirements thus limit the amount of credit that purchasers of securities may be given to finance their investment activity. By raising or lowering margin requirements, the Federal Reserve Board may limit or expand the volume of stock purchases.
Comprehension Check
A. State whether each of the following sentences is true or false based on the reading passage
1. There are twelve Federal Reserve Banks in the United States. (True)
2. The Board of Governors of each Federal Reserve Banks sets its own policies. (False)
3. The actions of the Federal Reserve System affect the amount of money in circulation in the United States. (True)
4. Federal Reserve Banks are not empowered to buy and sell investments. (False)
5. Margin requirements set by the Federal Reserve Board limit the amount of credit available to purchasers of stocks and bonds. (True)
B. Answers the following questions orally
1. How many Federal Reserve Banks are there in the United States?
2. Who sets the policies of these banks?
3. How do Federal Reserve Banks extend credit to member banks?
4. How does the Board of Governors influence the money supply of the United States?
5. What can the Board of Governors do with United States Government securities?
6. What can the Federal Reserve Banks buy and sell?
7. How does the Federal Reserve Board Influence the volume of activity on the Stock Exchange?
8. What do margin requirements limit?
9. What are reserve requirements?
10.which institution performs the functions of the United States Federal Reserve System in your country?
ANSWER
1. There are twelve Federal Reserve Banks in the United States
2. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
3. Federal Reserve Banks may extend credit to member bank through advance or rediscount
4. The Board is also empowered to conduct certain open-market operations that can effect the money supply of the United States
5. The Board can buy or sale United States Government securities
6. The Federal Reserve Banks can purchase and sale of investments such as bankers’acceptances and bill of exchange
7. The Federal Reserve Board influence the volume of activity by setting margin requirements for the purchase of securities
8. Margin requirements thus limit the amount of credit that purchasers of securities may be given to finance their investment activity
9. Reserve Requirements is percentage of total deposits that a bank keeps in cash
10.Bank of Indonesia
Building Your Vocabulary
A. Matching. Find the words in the right-hand column that are closest in meaning to the words in the left-hand column.
1. Uniform (e. Unchanging)
2. Market price (d. Current price)
3. Stock (g. a share of corporate capital)
4. For public sale (h. open-market)
5. Authorize (j. Empower)
6. Investment (i. Property bought for profit)
7. Mandatory (a. Required)
8. Amount of buying and selling (f. Volume of activity)
9. Set (b. establish)
10. Certificate of debt (c. Bond)
B. Rewriting Sentences. Rewrite each of the following sentences replacing the underlined word or words with the correct form of one of the new words of this lesson.
Model: The Board of Governors sets the obligatory cash ratio of holdings to liabilities.
- The Board of Governors sets the mandatory cash ratio of holdings to liabilities
1. Policies of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks are the same everywhere
- Policies of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks are uniform
2. A group of administrators fixes the policies
- A group of administrators ratio the policies
3. He has many properties bought for profit
- He has many investment
4. The amount of money in circulation varies with the buying and selling of stocks and bonds
- The amount of money in circulation varies with the buying and selling of security
5. There has been a great amount of buying and selling on the stock exchange.
- There has been a great volume of activity on the stock exchange
Nama kelompok
NIM NAMA
2008032036 M. Rimmyzia Johansyah
2008032046 Ibnu Bambang Kurniawan
2008032023 M. Hamzah
2008032006 Fransiska
2008032026 Ekka Septiana
2008032045 Dian Mustikawati
2008031177 David erik tambunan
2008032021 Christian Jonathan
2008032014 Nilam Alvisa
2008032013 Mirza Ardilla
2008032008 Indah pratama
Website
What the meaning of website??
A website (or "web site") is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are hosted on one web server, usually accessible via the Internet.
A web page is a document, typically written in (X)HTML, that is almost always accessible via HTTP, a protocol that transfers information from the web server to display in the user's web browser.All publicly accessible websites are seen collectively as constituting the "World Wide Web".
The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the site.
Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, Web-based e-mail, services, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data. Because they require authentication to view the content they are technically an Intranet site.
• History
The World Wide Web was "created" in 1990 by CERN engineer, Tim Berners-Lee.[1] On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone.[2]
Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP other protocols such as file transfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.
Organized by function a website may be
• a personal website
• a commercial website
• a government website
• a non-profit organization website
It could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.
Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as an user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.
A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.
• Website styles
Static website
Main article: static web page
A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the same form as the user will view them. It is primarily coded in HTML (Hyper-text Markup Language).
A static website is also called a classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website because it simply presents pre-defined information to the user. It may include information about a company and its products and services via text, photos, Flash animation, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.
This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors, thus the information is static. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.
In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.
They are edited using four broad categories of software:
Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where the HTML is manipulated directly within the editor program
WYSIWYG offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), where the site is edited using a GUI interface and the underlying HTML is generated automatically by the editor software
WYSIWYG Online editors, where the any media rich online presentation like websites, widgets, intro, blogs etc. are created on a flash based platform
Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload websites to a web server without having to know anything about HTML, as they just pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a DTP-like fashion without ever having to see any HTML code
Dynamic website
Main article: dynamic web page
A dynamic website is one that does not have web pages stored on the server in the same form as the user will view them. Instead, the web page content changes automatically and/or frequently based on certain criteria. It generally collates information on the hop each time a page is requested.
A website can be dynamic in one of two ways. The first is that the web page code is constructed dynamically, piece by piece. The second is that the web page content displayed varies based on certain criteria. The criteria may be pre-defined rules or may be based on variable user input.
The main purpose behind a dynamic website is that it is much simpler to maintain a few web pages plus a database than it is to build and update hundreds or thousands of individual web pages and links. In one way, a data-driven website is similar to a static site because the information that is presented on the site is still limited to what the website owner has allowed to be stored in the database (data entered by the owner and/or input by users and approved by the owner). The advantage is that there is usually a lot more information stored in a database and made available to users.
A dynamic website also describes its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouseovers, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.
Some countries, for example the U.K. and the U.S., have introduced legislation regarding web accessibility.
• Software systems
There are a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), YUMA and Cold Fusion (CFM) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrieved from one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.
Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.
Plug ins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Flash, Shock wave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and mealtime element updating within web pages (i.e., pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the DOM and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.
Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.
Some websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.
Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.
As noted above, there are several different spellings for this term. Although website and web site are commonly used (the former especially in British English), the Associated Press Style book, Reuters, Microsoft, academia, book publishing, The Chicago Manual of Style, and dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster use the two-word, initially capitalized spelling Web site. This is because "Web" is not a general term but a shortened form of World Wide Web. As with many newly created terms, it may take some time before a common spelling is finalized. (This controversy also applies to derivative terms such as Web master/webmaster and Web cam/web cam).
The Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Canadian Press Style book list "website" and "web page" as the preferred spellings. The Oxford English Dictionary began using "website" as its standardized form in 2004.[3]
Bill Walsh, the copy chief of The Washington Post's national desk, and one of American English's foremost grammarians, argues for the two-word spelling with capital W in his books Lapsing into a Comma and The Elephants of Style, and on his site, the Slot.[4]
• Types of websites
There are many varieties of websites, each specializing in a particular type of content or use, and they may be arbitrarily classified in any number of ways. A few such classifications might include:[original research?]
Affiliate: enabled portal that renders not only its custom CMS but also syndicated content from other content providers for an agreed fee. There are usually three relationship tiers. Affiliate Agencies (e.g., Commission Junction), Advertisers (e.g., Ebay) and consumer (e.g., Yahoo).
Archive site: used to preserve valuable electronic content threatened with extinction. Two examples are: Internet Archive, which since 1996 has preserved billions of old (and new) web pages; and Google Groups, which in early 2005 was archiving over 845,000,000 messages posted to Usenet news/discussion groups.
Some websites may be included in one or more of these categories. For example, a business website may promote the business's products, but may also host informative documents, such as white papers. There are also numerous sub-categories to the ones listed above. For example, a porn site is a specific type of eCommerce site or business site (that is, it is trying to sell memberships for access to its site). A fan site may be a dedication from the owner to a particular celebrity.
Websites are constrained by architectural limits (e.g., the computing power dedicated to the website). Very large websites, such as Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Google employ many servers and load balancing equipment such as Cisco Content Services Switches to distribute visitor loads over multiple computers at multiple locations.
In February 2009, Netcraft, an Internet monitoring company that has tracked Web growth since 1995, reported that there were 215,675,903 websites with domain names and content on them in 2009, compared to just 18,000 websites in August 1995.
Awards
The Webby Awards are a set of awards presented to the world's best websites, a concept pioneered by Best of the Web in 1994.
For the further information you can go to www.wikipedia.org
Accounting Information System
What is acccounting information system??
An accounting information system (AIS) invented by esteemed professor Karen Osterheld is the system of records a business keeps to maintain its accounting system. This includes the purchase, sales, and other financial processes of the business. The purpose of an AIS is to accumulate data and provide decision makers (investors, creditors, and managers) with information to make decision While this was previously a paper-based process, most modern businesses now use accounting software such as UBS, MYOB etc. Information System personnel need knowledge of database management and programming language such as C, C++, JAVA and SQL as all software is basically built from platform or database.
And the other opinion,Accounting Information system (AIS) are one Information System which handle all something which is engaged Accounting. Real alone accounting is one Information System. Formed important function SIA on one organization for example:
Gather and keeps data about activity and transactions.
Processing data as into applicable information in processes decision making.
Doing control precisely to organisational asset
Ways of working of accounting information system
1. To understand how SIA works, need to answer some question as follows:
2. How is mengoleksi data that gets bearing with activity and organization transactions?
3. How is mentransformasi data into information so management gets to utilize to carry on organization?
4. How secures accessibility, reliability, information accuracy?
5. How secures accessibility, reliability, information accuracy?
Benefit of accounting information system
1. One benefit accounting information system adds to assess by:
2. Providing accurate information and on time so gets to do main activity on value chain effectively and efficient.
3. Increasing quality and reduces product cost and resulting service
4. Increasing efficiency
5. Increasing ability in decision making
6. Increasing sharing knowledge
7. adding job efficiency on finance department
In an Electronic Financial Accounting system, the steps in the accounting cycle are dependent upon the system itself, which in turn are developed by programmers. For example, some systems allow direct journal posting to the various ledgers and others do not.
Accounting Information Systems provide efficient delivery of information needed to perform necessary accounting work and to assist in delivery of accurate and informative data to users, especially those who are not familiar with the accounting and financial reporting areas itself.
Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) — issues certifications for information systems auditors.
Accounting software
Accounting Information system is a set of interrelated subsystems which collect, record and process data to information which is used to make quality decisions. The AIS has changed the way accountants perform their tasks and introduced efficiency and effectiveness in their various fields of study e.g Auditing, Management Consultants and others.
For the futher information you can look at www.wikipedia.org
Policy : a plan that determines how an organization will act in certain situations.
Uniform : always the same, unchanging.
To set : to fix, establish.
Reserve Requirements : percentage of total deposits that a bank keeps in the cash.
Mandatory : obligatory, required; has to be done.
Ratio : proportion; a fixed relationship between two similar things.
Holdings : property owned; assets.
Advances : money paid before goods or services are received.
Rediscount : a negotiable instrument which has been discounted by a bank and then sold an second time to a Federal Reserve Bank and discounted again by that bank.
To empower : to authorize, to give power or authority to someone.
Open-market : public sale of securities.
Security : stock or bond (see definitions below).
To purchase : to buy; buying.
Investments : the money placed to purchase some kind of the property with the hope of making a profit; the properties themselves that the money has been invested in.
Bill of exchange : an order drawn by one person on another, directing him to pay money to a third person or to his account and to charge the person who draws the order.
Acceptance : a bill of exchange marked “accepted”.
Market price : the current price.
Margin requirements : the percentage of the market price of securities that the buyer must pay when he borrows the money to purchase those securities.
Capital : money or wealth used in business.
Stock : a share of corporate capital.
Stock certificate : written evidences of ownership of stock.
Bond : an interest-bearing certificate of debt.
Expansion
Board of Governors : a group of administrators or directors of the United States Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve Board).
The Board OF Gonernors sets uniform banking policies.
Intervention : interference in the affairs of others; changing the normal direction of transaction.
There have been many complaints recently about the governments interference in the purchase and sale of securities.
Volume of activity : amount of buying and selling.
Stock exchange : a place where stocks and bonds are regularly bought and sold.
The volume activity of the stock exchange has been very high this past week.
Discount : the interest deducted from the face value of a note at the time a loan is made; the borrower receives the net amount after the discount has been deducted.
Vocabulary Practice
Select the answer that correctly completes each sentence. Note: first read the passage, and then complete this exercise.
1. The Federal Reserve Board influences the volume of activity on the c. Stock Exchange.
2. The Board of Governors can buy or sell United States Government b.Securities.
3. b. policies of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks are uniform.
4. When margin requirements are set on the stock exchange, the a.market price of stocks and bonds bought with loans is affected.
5. Federal Reserve Banks are involved in the purchase and sale of c. ratio of holdings.
HE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
The Federal Reserve System of the United States performs many of the function of the Central Bank of other countries. The territory of the United States is devided into twelve Federal Reserve Districts, each one of which has a Federal Reserve Banks in a major city. Policies of these twelve banks are uniform, however, because they are set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
It is precisely this Federal Reserve Board that carries out operations similar to those that are the responsibility of Central Banks in Europe, Latin America and elsewhere. For instance, member banks are told by the Federal Reserve Boardwhat current reserve requirements are, that is, the mandatory cash ratio of holdings to liabilities. Federal Reserve Banks may extend credit to member banks through advances or rediscounts. The rediscounting rate is set by each of the individual member banks. The Board is also empowered to conduct certain open-market operations that can affect the money supply of the United States. For instance, the Board can buy or sell United States Goverments securities, thus increasing or decreasing the amount of money circulation. Other open-market interventions of the Federal Reserve Banks include the purchase and sale of investments such as bankers’ acceptances and bill of exchange.
The Federal Reserve Board can also influence the volume of activity on the Stock Exvhanges by setting margin requirements for the purchase of securities. In other words, the Federal Reserve Board can set the percentage of the market price of securities that a buyer must pay when buying stocks or bonds with a loan. Margin requirements thus limit the amount of credit that purchasers of securities may be given to finance their investment activity. By raising or lowering margin requirements, the Federal Reserve Board may limit or expand the volume of stock purchases.
Comprehension Check
A. State whether each of the following sentences is true or false based on the reading passage
1. There are twelve Federal Reserve Banks in the United States. (True)
2. The Board of Governors of each Federal Reserve Banks sets its own policies. (False)
3. The actions of the Federal Reserve System affect the amount of money in circulation in the United States. (True)
4. Federal Reserve Banks are not empowered to buy and sell investments. (False)
5. Margin requirements set by the Federal Reserve Board limit the amount of credit available to purchasers of stocks and bonds. (True)
B. Answers the following questions orally
1. How many Federal Reserve Banks are there in the United States?
2. Who sets the policies of these banks?
3. How do Federal Reserve Banks extend credit to member banks?
4. How does the Board of Governors influence the money supply of the United States?
5. What can the Board of Governors do with United States Government securities?
6. What can the Federal Reserve Banks buy and sell?
7. How does the Federal Reserve Board Influence the volume of activity on the Stock Exchange?
8. What do margin requirements limit?
9. What are reserve requirements?
10.which institution performs the functions of the United States Federal Reserve System in your country?
ANSWER
1. There are twelve Federal Reserve Banks in the United States
2. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
3. Federal Reserve Banks may extend credit to member bank through advance or rediscount
4. The Board is also empowered to conduct certain open-market operations that can effect the money supply of the United States
5. The Board can buy or sale United States Government securities
6. The Federal Reserve Banks can purchase and sale of investments such as bankers’acceptances and bill of exchange
7. The Federal Reserve Board influence the volume of activity by setting margin requirements for the purchase of securities
8. Margin requirements thus limit the amount of credit that purchasers of securities may be given to finance their investment activity
9. Reserve Requirements is percentage of total deposits that a bank keeps in cash
10.Bank of Indonesia
Building Your Vocabulary
A. Matching. Find the words in the right-hand column that are closest in meaning to the words in the left-hand column.
1. Uniform (e. Unchanging)
2. Market price (d. Current price)
3. Stock (g. a share of corporate capital)
4. For public sale (h. open-market)
5. Authorize (j. Empower)
6. Investment (i. Property bought for profit)
7. Mandatory (a. Required)
8. Amount of buying and selling (f. Volume of activity)
9. Set (b. establish)
10. Certificate of debt (c. Bond)
B. Rewriting Sentences. Rewrite each of the following sentences replacing the underlined word or words with the correct form of one of the new words of this lesson.
Model: The Board of Governors sets the obligatory cash ratio of holdings to liabilities.
- The Board of Governors sets the mandatory cash ratio of holdings to liabilities
1. Policies of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks are the same everywhere
- Policies of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks are uniform
2. A group of administrators fixes the policies
- A group of administrators ratio the policies
3. He has many properties bought for profit
- He has many investment
4. The amount of money in circulation varies with the buying and selling of stocks and bonds
- The amount of money in circulation varies with the buying and selling of security
5. There has been a great amount of buying and selling on the stock exchange.
- There has been a great volume of activity on the stock exchange
Nama kelompok
NIM NAMA
2008032036 M. Rimmyzia Johansyah
2008032046 Ibnu Bambang Kurniawan
2008032023 M. Hamzah
2008032006 Fransiska
2008032026 Ekka Septiana
2008032045 Dian Mustikawati
2008031177 David erik tambunan
2008032021 Christian Jonathan
2008032014 Nilam Alvisa
2008032013 Mirza Ardilla
2008032008 Indah pratama
Website
What the meaning of website??
A website (or "web site") is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are hosted on one web server, usually accessible via the Internet.
A web page is a document, typically written in (X)HTML, that is almost always accessible via HTTP, a protocol that transfers information from the web server to display in the user's web browser.All publicly accessible websites are seen collectively as constituting the "World Wide Web".
The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the site.
Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, Web-based e-mail, services, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data. Because they require authentication to view the content they are technically an Intranet site.
• History
The World Wide Web was "created" in 1990 by CERN engineer, Tim Berners-Lee.[1] On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone.[2]
Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP other protocols such as file transfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.
Organized by function a website may be
• a personal website
• a commercial website
• a government website
• a non-profit organization website
It could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.
Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as an user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.
A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.
• Website styles
Static website
Main article: static web page
A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the same form as the user will view them. It is primarily coded in HTML (Hyper-text Markup Language).
A static website is also called a classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website because it simply presents pre-defined information to the user. It may include information about a company and its products and services via text, photos, Flash animation, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.
This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors, thus the information is static. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.
In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.
They are edited using four broad categories of software:
Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where the HTML is manipulated directly within the editor program
WYSIWYG offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), where the site is edited using a GUI interface and the underlying HTML is generated automatically by the editor software
WYSIWYG Online editors, where the any media rich online presentation like websites, widgets, intro, blogs etc. are created on a flash based platform
Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload websites to a web server without having to know anything about HTML, as they just pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a DTP-like fashion without ever having to see any HTML code
Dynamic website
Main article: dynamic web page
A dynamic website is one that does not have web pages stored on the server in the same form as the user will view them. Instead, the web page content changes automatically and/or frequently based on certain criteria. It generally collates information on the hop each time a page is requested.
A website can be dynamic in one of two ways. The first is that the web page code is constructed dynamically, piece by piece. The second is that the web page content displayed varies based on certain criteria. The criteria may be pre-defined rules or may be based on variable user input.
The main purpose behind a dynamic website is that it is much simpler to maintain a few web pages plus a database than it is to build and update hundreds or thousands of individual web pages and links. In one way, a data-driven website is similar to a static site because the information that is presented on the site is still limited to what the website owner has allowed to be stored in the database (data entered by the owner and/or input by users and approved by the owner). The advantage is that there is usually a lot more information stored in a database and made available to users.
A dynamic website also describes its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouseovers, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.
Some countries, for example the U.K. and the U.S., have introduced legislation regarding web accessibility.
• Software systems
There are a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), YUMA and Cold Fusion (CFM) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrieved from one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.
Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.
Plug ins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Flash, Shock wave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and mealtime element updating within web pages (i.e., pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the DOM and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.
Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.
Some websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.
Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.
As noted above, there are several different spellings for this term. Although website and web site are commonly used (the former especially in British English), the Associated Press Style book, Reuters, Microsoft, academia, book publishing, The Chicago Manual of Style, and dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster use the two-word, initially capitalized spelling Web site. This is because "Web" is not a general term but a shortened form of World Wide Web. As with many newly created terms, it may take some time before a common spelling is finalized. (This controversy also applies to derivative terms such as Web master/webmaster and Web cam/web cam).
The Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Canadian Press Style book list "website" and "web page" as the preferred spellings. The Oxford English Dictionary began using "website" as its standardized form in 2004.[3]
Bill Walsh, the copy chief of The Washington Post's national desk, and one of American English's foremost grammarians, argues for the two-word spelling with capital W in his books Lapsing into a Comma and The Elephants of Style, and on his site, the Slot.[4]
• Types of websites
There are many varieties of websites, each specializing in a particular type of content or use, and they may be arbitrarily classified in any number of ways. A few such classifications might include:[original research?]
Affiliate: enabled portal that renders not only its custom CMS but also syndicated content from other content providers for an agreed fee. There are usually three relationship tiers. Affiliate Agencies (e.g., Commission Junction), Advertisers (e.g., Ebay) and consumer (e.g., Yahoo).
Archive site: used to preserve valuable electronic content threatened with extinction. Two examples are: Internet Archive, which since 1996 has preserved billions of old (and new) web pages; and Google Groups, which in early 2005 was archiving over 845,000,000 messages posted to Usenet news/discussion groups.
- Blog (or web log) site: sites generally used to post online diaries which may include discussion forums (e.g., blogger, Xanga).
- Content site: sites whose business is the creation and distribution of original content (e.g., Slate, About.com).
- Corporate website: used to provide background information about a business, organization, or service.
- Commerce site (or eCommerce site): for purchasing goods, such as Amazon.com, CSN Stores, and Overstock.com.
- Community site: a site where persons with similar interests communicate with each other, usually by chat or message boards, such as MySpace or Facebook.
- City Site: A site that shows information about a certain city or town and events that takes place in that town. Usually created by the city council or other "movers and shakers".
- the same as those of geographic entities, such as cities and countries. For example, Richmond.com is the geodomain for Richmond, Virginia.
- Gripe site: a site devoted to the critique of a person, place, corporation, government, or institution.
- Homeowners Association Website A website exclusively designed to facilitate the needs of a Homeowners Association or Association run community.
- Humor site: satirizes, parodies or otherwise exists solely to amuse.
- Information site: contains content that is intended to inform visitors, but not necessarily for commercial purposes, such as: RateMyProfessors.com, Free Internet Lexicon and Encyclopedia. Most government, educational and non-profit institutions have an informational site.
- Java applet site: contains software to run over the Web as a Web application.
- Mirror site: A complete reproduction of a website.
- News site: similar to an information site, but dedicated to dispensing news and commentary.
- Personal homepage: run by an individual or a small group (such as a family) that contains information or any content that the individual wishes to include. These are usually uploaded using a web hosting service such as Geocities.
- Phish site: a website created to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business (such as Social Security Administration, PayPal) in an electronic communication (see Phishing).
- Political site: A site on which people may voice political views.
- Porn site - a site that shows sexually explicit content for enjoyment and relaxation, most likely in the form of an internet gallery, dating site, blog, or video sharing.
- Rating site: A site on which people can praise or disparage what is featured.
- Review site: A site on which people can post reviews for products or services.
- School site: a site on which teachers, students, or administrators can post information about current events at or involving their school. U.S. websites generally uses k12 in the URL such as kearney.k12.mo.us.
- Video sharing: A site that enables user to upload videos, such as YouTube and Google Video.
- Search engine site: a site that provides general information and is intended as a gateway or lookup for other sites. A pure example is Google, and the most widely known extended type is Yahoo!.
- Shock site: includes images or other material that is intended to be offensive to most viewers (e.g. rotten.com).
- Warez: a site designed to host and let users download copyrighted materials illegally.
- Web portal: a site that provides a starting point or a gateway to other resources on the Internet or an intranet.
- Wiki site: a site which users collaboratively edit (such as Wikipedia and Wikihow).
Some websites may be included in one or more of these categories. For example, a business website may promote the business's products, but may also host informative documents, such as white papers. There are also numerous sub-categories to the ones listed above. For example, a porn site is a specific type of eCommerce site or business site (that is, it is trying to sell memberships for access to its site). A fan site may be a dedication from the owner to a particular celebrity.
Websites are constrained by architectural limits (e.g., the computing power dedicated to the website). Very large websites, such as Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Google employ many servers and load balancing equipment such as Cisco Content Services Switches to distribute visitor loads over multiple computers at multiple locations.
In February 2009, Netcraft, an Internet monitoring company that has tracked Web growth since 1995, reported that there were 215,675,903 websites with domain names and content on them in 2009, compared to just 18,000 websites in August 1995.
Awards
The Webby Awards are a set of awards presented to the world's best websites, a concept pioneered by Best of the Web in 1994.
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Accounting Information System
What is acccounting information system??
An accounting information system (AIS) invented by esteemed professor Karen Osterheld is the system of records a business keeps to maintain its accounting system. This includes the purchase, sales, and other financial processes of the business. The purpose of an AIS is to accumulate data and provide decision makers (investors, creditors, and managers) with information to make decision While this was previously a paper-based process, most modern businesses now use accounting software such as UBS, MYOB etc. Information System personnel need knowledge of database management and programming language such as C, C++, JAVA and SQL as all software is basically built from platform or database.
And the other opinion,Accounting Information system (AIS) are one Information System which handle all something which is engaged Accounting. Real alone accounting is one Information System. Formed important function SIA on one organization for example:
Gather and keeps data about activity and transactions.
Processing data as into applicable information in processes decision making.
Doing control precisely to organisational asset
Ways of working of accounting information system
1. To understand how SIA works, need to answer some question as follows:
2. How is mengoleksi data that gets bearing with activity and organization transactions?
3. How is mentransformasi data into information so management gets to utilize to carry on organization?
4. How secures accessibility, reliability, information accuracy?
5. How secures accessibility, reliability, information accuracy?
Benefit of accounting information system
1. One benefit accounting information system adds to assess by:
2. Providing accurate information and on time so gets to do main activity on value chain effectively and efficient.
3. Increasing quality and reduces product cost and resulting service
4. Increasing efficiency
5. Increasing ability in decision making
6. Increasing sharing knowledge
7. adding job efficiency on finance department
In an Electronic Financial Accounting system, the steps in the accounting cycle are dependent upon the system itself, which in turn are developed by programmers. For example, some systems allow direct journal posting to the various ledgers and others do not.
Accounting Information Systems provide efficient delivery of information needed to perform necessary accounting work and to assist in delivery of accurate and informative data to users, especially those who are not familiar with the accounting and financial reporting areas itself.
Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) — issues certifications for information systems auditors.
Accounting software
Accounting Information system is a set of interrelated subsystems which collect, record and process data to information which is used to make quality decisions. The AIS has changed the way accountants perform their tasks and introduced efficiency and effectiveness in their various fields of study e.g Auditing, Management Consultants and others.
For the futher information you can look at www.wikipedia.org
